{"id":6188,"date":"2022-04-06T13:14:40","date_gmt":"2022-04-06T05:14:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/egonlin.com\/?p=6188"},"modified":"2022-04-16T19:35:27","modified_gmt":"2022-04-16T11:35:27","slug":"%e7%ac%ac%e4%ba%94%e8%8a%82%ef%bc%9aorm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/egonlin.com\/?p=6188","title":{"rendered":"\u7b2c\u4e94\u8282\uff1aORM"},"content":{"rendered":"

ORM<\/h1>\n

\"\"<\/div><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001Django\u6a21\u578b\u5c42\u4e4bORM\u4ecb\u7ecd<\/h2>\n

ORM\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4e3a\u4f55\u8981\u6709ORM\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4f7f\u7528Django\u6846\u67b6\u5f00\u53d1web\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u4f1a\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u589e\u3001\u5220\u3001\u6539\u3001\u67e5\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e00\u65e6\u8c08\u5230\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u7528\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7ba1\u7406\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982mysql\u3001oracle\u3001Microsoft SQL Server\u7b49\u3002
\n

\"\"<\/div><\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u9700\u8981\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u5c06\u7528\u6237\u6ce8\u518c\u4fe1\u606f\u6c38\u4e45\u5b58\u653e\u8d77\u6765\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5728\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7f16\u5199\u539f\u751fsql\u8bed\u53e5\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528pymysql\u6a21\u5757\u8fdc\u7a0b\u64cd\u4f5cmysql\u6570\u636e
\n

\"\"<\/div><\/p>\n

\u9488\u5bf9\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6570\u636e\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u7f16\u5199\u539f\u751fsql\u8bed\u53e5\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e25\u91cd\u5f71\u54cd\u5f00\u53d1\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b<\/p>\n

#1. sql\u8bed\u53e5\u7684\u6267\u884c\u6548\u7387\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5e94\u7528\u5f00\u53d1\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5458\u9700\u8981\u8017\u8d39\u4e00\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7cbe\u529b\u53bb\u4f18\u5316sql\u8bed\u53e5\n#2. \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fc1\u79fb\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u9488\u5bf9mysql\u5f00\u53d1\u7684sql\u8bed\u53e5\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u5e94\u7528\u5230oracle\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u9700\u8981\u8fc1\u79fb\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u4fbf\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u8de8\u5e73\u53f0\u95ee\u9898<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0a\u8ff0\u95ee\u9898\uff0cdjango\u5f15\u5165\u4e86ORM\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0cORM\u5168\u79f0Object Relational Mapping\uff0c\u5373\u5bf9\u8c61\u5173\u7cfb\u6620\u5c04\uff0c\u662f\u5728pymysq\u4e4b\u4e0a\u53c8\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u5c42\u5c01\u88c5\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u9700\u518d\u53bb\u7f16\u5199\u539f\u751fsql\uff0c\u53d6\u4ee3\u4ee3\u4e4b\u7684\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u9762\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53bb\u7f16\u5199\u7c7b\u3001\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u8c03\u7528\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u7b49\uff0cORM\u4f1a\u5c06\u5176\u8f6c\u6362\/\u6620\u5c04\u6210\u539f\u751fSQL\u7136\u540e\u4ea4\u7ed9pymysql\u6267\u884c<\/p>\n
\"\"<\/div><\/p>\n
\u57fa\u4e8e\u56fe2\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u6709\u4e86ORM\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u65e2\u4e0d\u7528\u518d\u53bb\u8003\u8651\u539f\u751fSQL\u7684\u4f18\u5316\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7528\u8003\u8651\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fc1\u79fb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0cORM\u90fd\u5e2e\u6211\u4eec\u505a\u4e86\u4f18\u5316\u4e14\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u8fd9\u6781\u5927\u5730\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u5c31\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8be6\u7ec6\u5b66\u4e60ORM\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u5427<\/p>\n
\u4e8c\u3001ORM\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4e4b\u6a21\u578b<\/h3>\n
\u5728django\u7684ORM\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ee7\u627f\u81eadjango.db.models.Model\u7684\u7c7b\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6a21\u578b\u7c7b\uff0c\u6216\u7b80\u79f0\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u4f60\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u3001\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u6e90\u3001\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u5b58\u50a8\u6570\u636e\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5b57\u6bb5\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u90fd\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u3002\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u5bf9\u5e94\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5<\/p>\n
\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff1a\u539f\u751fSQL\u4e0eORM\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb<\/p>\n
\"\"<\/div><\/p>\n
\u4e09\u3001ORM\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4e4b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fc1\u79fb<\/h2>\n
1\u3001\u521b\u5efa\u6a21\u578b<\/h3>\n
\u6570\u636e\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u8868\uff0c\u800cORM\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u7c7b\u5bf9\u5e94\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u82e5\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u64cd\u4f5c\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5148\u521b\u5efa\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n
# \u521b\u5efadjango\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u65b0\u5efa\u540d\u4e3aapp01\u7684app\uff0c\u5728app01\u7684models.py\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u6a21\u578b\nclass Employee(models.Model):  # \u5fc5\u987b\u662fmodels.Model\u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\n    id=models.AutoField(primary_key=True)\n\n    name=models.CharField(max_length=16)\n\n    gender=models.BooleanField(default=1)\n\n    birth=models.DateField()\n\n    department=models.CharField(max_length=30)\n\n    salary=models.DecimalField(max_digits=10,decimal_places=1)<\/code><\/pre>\n
2\u3001 \u914d\u7f6esettings.py<\/h3>\n
1.\u6ce8\u518c\u5e94\u7528<\/h4>\n
\u4f46\u51e1\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540c\u6b65\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u4e8b\u5148\u5728settings.py\u7684INSTALLED_APPS\u4e2d\u5b8c\u6210\u6ce8\u518c<\/p>\n
INSTALLED_APPS = [\n    'django.contrib.admin',\n    'django.contrib.auth',\n    'django.contrib.contenttypes',\n    'django.contrib.sessions',\n    'django.contrib.messages',\n    'django.contrib.staticfiles',\n\n    # django2.x+\u7248\u672c\n    'app01.apps.App01Config', # \u5982\u679c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5df2\u7ecf\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\uff0c\u5219\u65e0\u9700\u91cd\u590d\u6dfb\u52a0\n    # 'app02.apps.App02Config', # \u82e5\u6709\u65b0\u589e\u7684app\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u89c4\u5f8b\u4f9d\u6b21\u6dfb\u52a0\u5373\u53ef\n\n    # django1.x\u7248\u672c\n    'app01',  # \u76f4\u63a5\u5199\u5e94\u7528\u540d\u5b57\n    # 'app02'\n]<\/code><\/pre>\n
2.\u914d\u7f6e\u540e\u7aef\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/h4>\n
django\u7684orm\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff08\u5982PostgreSQL\u3001MySQL\u3001SQLite\u3001Oracle\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u5c06\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6a21\u578b\u8f6c\u4e3amysql\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\uff0c\u9700\u8981settings.py\u4e2d\u914d\u7f6eDATABASES\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b<\/p>\n
# \u5220\u9664\\\u6ce8\u91ca\u6389\u539f\u6765\u7684DATABASES\u914d\u7f6e\u9879\uff0c\u65b0\u589e\u4e0b\u8ff0\u914d\u7f6e\nDATABASES = {\n    'default': {\n        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql', # \u4f7f\u7528mysql\u6570\u636e\u5e93\n        'NAME': 'db1',          # \u8981\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\n        'USER': 'root',         # \u94fe\u63a5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u7528\u4e8e\u540d\n        'PASSWORD': '',         # \u94fe\u63a5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u7528\u4e8e\u540d                  \n        'HOST': '127.0.0.1',    # mysql\u670d\u52a1\u76d1\u542c\u7684ip  \n        'PORT': 3306,           # mysql\u670d\u52a1\u76d1\u542c\u7684\u7aef\u53e3  \n        'ATOMIC_REQUEST': True, #\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3aTrue\u4ee3\u8868\u540c\u4e00\u4e2ahttp\u8bf7\u6c42\u6240\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6240\u6709sql\u90fd\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u6267\u884c \n                                #(\u8981\u4e48\u6240\u6709\u90fd\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u6240\u6709\u90fd\u5931\u8d25)\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5168\u5c40\u6027\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8981\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e2a\n                                #http\u8bf7\u6c42\u653e\u6c34\uff08\u7136\u540e\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e8b\u52a1\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528non_atomic_requests\u4fee\u9970\u5668 \n        "AUTOCOMMIT":False, #\u5168\u5c40\u53d6\u6d88\u81ea\u52a8\u63d0\u4ea4\uff0c\u614e\u7528\n        'OPTIONS': {\n            "init_command": "SET storage_engine=INNODB", #\u8bbe\u7f6e\u521b\u5efa\u8868\u7684\u5b58\u50a8\u5f15\u64ce\u4e3aINNODB\n            'isolation_level': "read committed",  # \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3aRC\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6210\u5176\u4ed6\u7ea7\u522b\uff08\u8be6\u89c1\u4e0b\u9762\u89e3\u91ca\uff09\n        }\n    }\n}\n\n"""\n=================================\u300b\u989d\u5916\u8865\u5145\uff1a\n\u5f53\u8fd0\u884c\u5e76\u53d1\u8d1f\u8f7d\u65f6\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e8b\u52a1\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u4e0d\u540c\u8bf7\u6c42\u7684\u5355\u72ec\u7ebf\u7a0b\uff09\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u76f8\u4e92\u4ea4\u4e92\u3002 \u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ea4\u4e92\u53d7\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4f1a\u8bdd\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u9694\u79bb\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002 \u60a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728DATABASES\u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u914d\u7f6e\u7684OPTIONS\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528'isolation_level'\u6761\u76ee\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u9694\u79bb\u7ea7\u522b\u3002 \u6b64\u6761\u76ee\u7684\u6709\u6548\u503c\u662f\u56db\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\u9694\u79bb\u7ea7\u522b\uff1a\n\n'read uncommitted'\n'read committed'\n'repeatable read'\n'serializable'\n\u6216None\u6765\u4f7f\u7528\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u9694\u79bb\u7ea7\u522b\u3002 \n\u7136\u800c\uff0cDjango\u6700\u597d\u4f7f\u7528read committed\u800c\u4e0d\u662fMySQL\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503crepeatable read\u3002 repeatable read\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u6570\u636e\u4e22\u5931\u3002\n"""<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5f3a\u8c03\uff01\uff01\uff01\uff1a\u5728\u94fe\u63a5mysql\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u4e8b\u5148\u521b\u5efa\u597d\u6570\u636e\u5e93<\/p>\n
mysql> create database db1; # \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540d\u5fc5\u987b\u4e0esettings.py\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u5bf9\u5e94\u4e0a<\/em><\/p>\n
3.\u914d\u7f6e\u65e5\u5fd7<\/h4>\n
\u5982\u679c\u60f3\u6253\u5370orm\u8f6c\u6362\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684sql\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728settings\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u914d\u7f6e\u65e5\u5fd7\uff1a<\/p>\n
LOGGING = {\n    'version': 1,\n    'disable_existing_loggers': False,\n    'handlers': {\n        'console':{\n            'level':'DEBUG',\n            'class':'logging.StreamHandler',\n        },\n    },\n    'loggers': {\n        'django.db.backends': {\n            'handlers': ['console'],\n            'propagate': True,\n            'level':'DEBUG',\n        },\n    }\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u9996\u5148\u6267\u884c\u4e0b\u8ff0\u547d\u4ee4\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fc1\u79fb<\/p>\n
3\u3001mysqlclient\u5b89\u88c5\u4e0e\u517c\u5bb9\u6027\u95ee\u9898<\/h3>\n
$ python manage.py makemigrations<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u4f1a\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38<\/p>\n
......\n    raise ImproperlyConfigured(\ndjango.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: Error loading MySQLdb module.\nDid you install mysqlclient?<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u63d0\u793a\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4e8b\u5148\u5b89\u88c5\u597dmysqlclient\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u9ed8\u8ba4\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684mysqlclient\u662f\u6a21\u5757MySQLdb\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5b89\u88c5MySQL-python\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u524dpython\u5b98\u65b9\u7b2c\u4e09\u5e93\u4e2d\u6700\u65b0\u7248MySQLdb 1.2.5\u5bf9python\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u4ee5\u53caMySQL Server\u7684\u652f\u6301\u5982\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u652f\u6301python3.0+<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u5bf9Python\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u7684\u652f\u6301<\/p>\n
\u2013 CPython<\/em><\/a> : \u652f\u63012.4\u52302.7<\/p>\n
\u2013 PyPy\uff08\u7528python\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684python\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\uff09<\/em><\/a> : \u652f\u6301\u5230\u6700\u65b0\u7248\u672c<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u5bf9MySQL Server\u7684\u652f\u6301<\/p>\n
\u2013 3.23=< MySQL<\/em><\/a> <= 5.5<\/p>\n
\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u5728github\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2aMySQLdb1\u5206\u652f<\/em><\/a> \u6765\u652f\u6301Cpython3.0+\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u7167\u5b98\u7f51\u8fdb\u884c\u5b89\u88c5https:\/\/pypi.org\/project\/mysqlclient\/<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n
\u9664\u4e86\u4f7f\u7528MySQLdb\u4f5c\u4e3aMySQLclient\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u6709\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528pymysql<\/p>\n
\u2022 Python\u89e3\u91ca\u5668\u652f\u6301:<\/p>\n
\u2013 CPython<\/em><\/a> : 2.7 and >= 3.5<\/p>\n
\u2013 PyPy<\/em><\/a> : Latest version<\/p>\n
\u2022 MySQL Server\u652f\u6301:<\/p>\n
\u2013 MySQL<\/em><\/a> >= 5.5<\/p>\n
\u2013 MariaDB<\/em><\/a> >= 5.5<\/p>\n
\u6bd4\u8d77\u524d\u8005\uff0cpymysql\u76f4\u63a5\u652f\u6301Cpython3.0+\uff0c\u5b89\u88c5\u7b80\u5355<\/p>\n
pip3 install pymysql<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u4f46\u662f\u56e0\u4e3aDjango\u9ed8\u8ba4\u52a0\u8f7d\u7684MySQLclient\u662fMySQLdb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u9700\u8981\u4f5c\u51fa\u4fee\u6539<\/p>\n
\"\"<\/div><\/p>\n
\u6b64\u65f6\u91cd\u65b0\u6267\u884cpython manage.py makemigrations\u4ecd\u4f1a\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38<\/p>\n
......    \n    File "\/Users\/linhaifeng\/PycharmProjects\/egon_test\/venv-3.8\/lib\/python3.8\/site-packages\/django\/db\/backends\/mysql\/base.py", line 37, in <module>\n    raise ImproperlyConfigured('mysqlclient 1.3.13 or newer is required; you have %s.' % Database.__version__)\ndjango.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: mysqlclient 1.3.13 or newer is required; you have 0.9.3.<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u9700\u8981\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5f02\u5e38\u63d0\u793a\u7684\u6587\u4ef6base.py\u8def\u5f84\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u6ce8\u91ca\u4e0b\u8ff0\u4e24\u884c<\/p>\n
if version < (1, 3, 13):\n    raise ImproperlyConfigured('mysqlclient 1.3.13 or newer is required; you have %s.' % Database.__version__)<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5982\u679c\u91cd\u65b0\u6267\u884cmakemigrations\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u6254\u629b\u51fa\u5f02\u5e38<\/p>\n
......\n    File \u201cxxx\\lib\\site-packages\\django\\db\\backends\\mysql\\operations.py\u201d, line 146, in last_executed_query\nquery = query.decode(errors=\u2018replace\u2019)\nAttributeError: \u2018str\u2019 object has no attribute \u2018decode\u2019<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u9700\u8981\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5f02\u5e38\u63d0\u793a\u7684operations.py\u6587\u4ef6\u8def\u5f84\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u628a146\u884c\u7684decode\u4fee\u6539\u4e3aencode<\/p>\n
ps\uff1aPyPI(Python Package Index)\u662fPython\u5b98\u65b9\u7684*\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5e93*<\/em><\/strong>\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8f7d\u6216\u4e0a\u4f20Python\u5e93\u5230PyPI\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbf\u95eehttps:\/\/pypi.org\/<\/em><\/a>\uff0c\u81ea\u884c\u67e5\u770b\u5404\u4e2a\u5e93\u7684\u7248\u672c\u652f\u6301,<\/p>\n
4\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fc1\u79fb\u547d\u4ee4<\/h3>\n
\u6700\u540e\u5728\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u4e2d\u6267\u884c\u4e24\u6761\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fc1\u79fb\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93db1\u4e2d\u521b\u5efa\u8868 \uff1a<\/p>\n
$ python manage.py makemigrations\n$ python manage.py migrate\n\n# \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\n# 1\u3001makemigrations\u53ea\u662f\u751f\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fc1\u79fb\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u800cmigrate\u624d\u662f\u5c06\u66f4\u6539\u771f\u6b63\u63d0\u4ea4\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6267\u884c\n# 2\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fc1\u79fb\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u5b58\u653e\u4e8eapp01\u4e0b\u7684migrations\u6587\u4ef6\u5939\u91cc\n# 3\u3001\u4e86\u89e3\uff1a\n\u5982\u679c\u8981\u7ed9\u8fc1\u79fb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u751f\u6210\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u5219\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528makemigrations --name\u9009\u9879\uff1a\npython manage.py makemigrations --name xx app01 # \u4f1a\u5728migrations\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u751f\u6210\u8fc1\u79fb\u6587\u4ef60001_xx.py\n\npython3 manage.py sqlmigrate app01 0001_xx  # \u5c55\u793a\u8fc1\u79fb\u7684sql\u8bed\u53e5\npython manage.py showmigrations # \u9879\u76ee\u7684\u8fc1\u79fb\u53ca\u5176\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u76f4\u63a5\u53bb\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u91cc\u67e5\u770b\u751f\u6210\u7684\u8868\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u4e0eorm\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u6b63\u5e38\u7684\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0corm\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u7ea6\u675f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5168\u90e8\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7684\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u6211\u4eec\u4e3a\u5b57\u6bb5gender\u8bbe\u7f6e\u7684\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503cdefault=1\uff0c\u53bb\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u67e5\u770b\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u8be5\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684default\u90e8\u5206\u4e3anull<\/p>\n
mysql> desc app01_employee; # \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u6807\u7b7e\u524d\u4f1a\u5e26\u6709\u524d\u7f00app01_\n+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+\n| Field      | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |\n+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+\n| id         | int(11)       | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |\n| name       | varchar(16)   | NO   |     | NULL    |                |\n| gender     | tinyint(1)    | NO   |     | NULL    |                |\n| birth      | date          | NO   |     | NULL    |                |\n| department | varchar(30)   | NO   |     | NULL    |                |\n| salary     | decimal(10,1) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |\n+------------+---------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+<\/code><\/pre>\n
,\u867d\u7136\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6ca1\u6709\u589e\u52a0\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c,\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4f7f\u7528orm\u63d2\u5165\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e3agender\u5b57\u6bb5\u63d2\u5165\u7a7a\uff0corm\u4f1a\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u5c06\u7a7a\u8f6c\u6362\u6210\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\u540e\uff0c\u518d\u63d0\u4ea4\u7ed9\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u6267\u884c<\/p>\n
5\u3001\u6a21\u578b\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684\u589e\u3001\u5220\u3001\u6539<\/h3>\n
\u5728\u8868\u751f\u6210\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u589e\u52a0\u3001\u5220\u9664\u3001\u4fee\u6539\u8868\u4e2d\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a<\/p>\n
# \u4e00\uff1a\u589e\u52a0\u5b57\u6bb5\n#1.1\u3001\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u7c7bEmployee\u91cc\u76f4\u63a5\u65b0\u589e\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8eorm\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\u5fc5\u987b\u7528default\u6307\u5b9a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c\npublish = models.CharField(max_length=12,default='\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e',null=True)\n#1.2\u3001\u91cd\u65b0\u6267\u884c\u90a3\u4e24\u6761\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fc1\u79fb\u547d\u4ee4\n\n# \u4e8c\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u5b57\u6bb5\n#2.1 \u76f4\u63a5\u6ce8\u91ca\u6389\u5b57\u6bb5\n#2.2 \u91cd\u65b0\u6267\u884c\u90a3\u4e24\u6761\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fc1\u79fb\u547d\u4ee4\n\n# \u4e09\uff1a\u4fee\u6539\u5b57\u6bb5\n#2.1 \u5c06\u6a21\u578b\u7c7b\u4e2d\u5b57\u6bb5\u4fee\u6539\n#2.2 \u91cd\u65b0\u6267\u884c\u90a3\u4e24\u6761\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fc1\u79fb\u547d\u4ee4<\/code><\/pre>\n
6\u3001\u52a0\u8f7ddjango\u914d\u7f6e<\/h3>\n
\u5728\u5f00\u53d1django\u9879\u76ee\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u60f3\u8df3\u8fc7django\u7684\u542f\u52a8\u4e0e\u64cd\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\uff0c\u53ea\u6d4b\u8bd5\u67d0\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u9996\u5148\u5f15\u5165django\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u73af\u5883\u624d\u53ef\u4ee5<\/p>\n
\u5728\u4efb\u610f\u8def\u5f84\u4e0b\u65b0\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2apy\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u6587\u4ef6\u540d\u4efb\u610f\uff09\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u5982\u4e0b<\/p>\n
import sys\nimport os\nimport django\n\n# 1\u3001\u5c06\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u586b\u5165\u73af\u5883\u53d8\u91cf\nBASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(\u4f20\u5165\u9879\u76ee\u6240\u5728\u7684\u6839\u76ee\u5f55)\nsys.path.append(BASE_DIR)\n\n# 2\u3001\u5f15\u5165\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u65e0\u9700\u542f\u52a8django\u9879\u76ee\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u5176\u914d\u7f6e\u73af\u5883\u4e86\nos.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', '\u9879\u76ee\u540d.settings')\ndjango.setup()\n\n# \u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4ee3\u7801\u7c98\u8d34\u8fdb\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u5728\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u73af\u5883\u6d4b\u8bd5\n\nif __name__ == "__main__":\n    # \u7f16\u5199\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8fd0\u884c\u672c\u6587\u4ef6\u5373\u53ef\n    from app01.models import Employee\n\n    all = Employee.objects.all().values()\n    print(all)<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u56db\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u4f7f\u7528\u7b80\u4ecb<\/h2>\n
\u589e\u52a0\u4e00\u6761\u8bb0\u5f55<\/p>\n
obj=Employee(name="Egon",gender=0,birth='1997-01-27',department="\u8d22\u52a1\u90e8",salary=100.1)\nobj.save()<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u67e5\u8be2\u8bb0\u5f55<\/p>\n
obj = Employee.objects.filter(name="Egon").first()  # \u67e5\u8be2\u6240\u6709\u540d\u5b57\u4e3aEgon\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u5e76\u53d6\u7b2c\u4e00\u6761\nprint(obj.id, obj.name, obj.birth)  # \u8f93\u51fa1 Egon 1997-01-27<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u4fee\u6539\u8bb0\u5f55<\/p>\n
Employee.objects.filter(name="Egon").update(name="EGON") # \u8fc7\u6ee4\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u540d\u5b57\u4e3aEgon\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u5e76\u5c06name\u5b57\u6bb5\u6539\u6210\u5927\u5199EGON<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5220\u9664\u8bb0\u5f55<\/p>\n
Employee.objects.filter(name="EGON").delete() # \u8fc7\u6ee4\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u540d\u5b57\u4e3aEGON\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u5e76\u5220\u9664<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u4e94\u3001orm\u7b80\u5355\u793a\u4f8b<\/h2>\n
\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e2aPerson\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027first_name\u4e0elast_name<\/p>\n
from django.db import models\n\nclass Person(models.Model):\n    first_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)\n    last_name = models.CharField(max_length=30)<\/code><\/pre>\n
first_name\u4e0elast_name\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5b57\u6bb5\u90fd\u88ab\u6307\u5b9a\u4e3a\u7c7b\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u5c5e\u6027\u90fd\u6620\u5c04\u5230\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e0a\u9762\u7684Person\u6a21\u578b\u5c06\u521b\u5efa\u5982\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8868<\/p>\n
CREATE TABLE myapp_person (\n    "id" serial NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,\n    "first_name" varchar(30) NOT NULL,\n    "last_name" varchar(30) NOT NULL\n);<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u4e00\u4e9b\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n
1\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e2d\u751f\u6210\u7684\u8868\u4f1a\u52a0\u4e0a"app\u540d_"\u4f5c\u4e3a\u524d\u7f00\uff0c\u5982myapp_persion\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u65b0\u4e3a\u522b\u7684\u540d\u79f0\uff0c\u8be6\u89c1\u7b2c\u56db\u8282 2\u3001\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2aid\u5b57\u6bb5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u952e\u5b57\u6bb5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u91cd\u5199\u6b64\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8be6\u89c1\u7b2c3.3\u5c0f\u8282 3\u3001\u672c\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684CREATE TABLE SQL\u662f\u4f7f\u7528PostgreSQL\u8bed\u6cd5\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662fDjango\u4f7f\u7528\u7684SQL\u662f\u6839\u636e\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u540e\u7aef\u5b9a\u5236<\/p>\n
\u516d\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u6a21\u578b<\/h2>\n
\u4e00\u65e6\u4f60\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e86\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f60\u5c31\u9700\u8981\u544a\u8bc9djano\u4f60\u5c06\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u505a\u5230\u5462\uff1f
\n\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u7f16\u8f91\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6settings.py\uff0c\u5728\u914d\u7f6e\u9879INSTALLED_APPS\u6ce8\u518c\u4f60\u5305\u542b\u6a21\u578b\u6587\u4ef6
\nmodels.py\u6240\u5728\u7684app<\/p>\n
\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684app\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5728myapp.models\u91cc\uff0cINSTALLED_APPS\u914d\u7f6e\u5982\u4e0b<\/p>\n
INSTALLED_APPS = [\n    #...\n    'myapp',\n    #...\n]<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u7136\u540e\u8fd0\u884c\u547d\u4ee4<\/p>\n
python manage.py makemigrations\npython manage.py migrate<\/code><\/pre>\n
Django \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e web \u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5de5\u5177\u7528\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u5462<\/p>\n
\u2022 1\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u751f\u6210\u9879\u76ee\u65f6\u5c31\u4f1a\u5728 urls.py \u4e2d\u81ea\u52a8\u8bbe\u7f6e\u597d\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b<\/p>\n
urlpatterns = [\n    path('admin\/', admin.site.urls),\n]<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u2022 2\u3001\u542f\u52a8Django \uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u5de5\u5177\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd0\u884c\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u6d4f\u89c8\u5668\u4e2d\u8bbf\u95ee http:\/\/127.0.0.1:8000\/admin\/<\/em><\/a>\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u5982\u4e0b\u754c\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n
\"\"<\/div><\/p>\n
\u2022 3\u3001\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u547d\u4ee4 *python manage.py createsuperuser*<\/em><\/strong> \u6765\u521b\u5efa\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\u6240\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n
# python manage.py createsuperuser\nUsername (leave blank to use 'root'): egon\nEmail address: admin@runoob.com\nPassword:\nPassword (again):\nSuperuser created successfully.<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u4e4b\u540e\u8f93\u5165\u7528\u6237\u540d\u5bc6\u7801\u767b\u5f55\uff0c\u754c\u9762\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
\"\"<\/div><\/p>\n
\u2022 4\u3001\u4e3a\u4e86\u8ba9 admin \u754c\u9762\u7ba1\u7406\u67d0\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5148\u6ce8\u518c\u8be5\u6570\u636e\u6a21\u578b\u5230 admin\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e4b\u524d\u5728 app01\/models.py\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u6a21\u578b Person \u3002\u4fee\u6539 app01\/admin.py:<\/p>\n
from django.contrib import admin\n\n# Register your models here.\n\nfrom app01.models import Person\nadmin.site.register(Person)<\/code><\/pre>\n
\u5237\u65b0\u9875\u9762\u5373\u53ef\u770b\u5230Person\u6570\u636e\u8868,\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u7c7b\u4e2d\u65b0\u589estr<\/strong><\/em>\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u663e\u793a\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
ORM \u4e00\u3001Django\u6a21\u578b\u5c42\u4e4bORM\u4ecb\u7ecd ORM\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u4e3a\u4f55\u8981\u6709ORM\uff1f \u6211\u4eec\u5728\u4f7f\u7528Django\u6846\u67b6\u5f00\u53d1we […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6772,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[3,405],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/egonlin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6188"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/egonlin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/egonlin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egonlin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egonlin.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6188"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/egonlin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6188\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egonlin.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6772"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/egonlin.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6188"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egonlin.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6188"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egonlin.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6188"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}