一、数字类型及操作

• 整数类型的无限范围及4种进制表示
• 浮点数类型的近似无限范围、小尾数及科学计数法
• +、-、*、/、//、%、**、二元增强赋值操作符
• abs()、divmod()、pow()、round()、max()、min()
• int()、float()、complex()

# DayDayUpQ3.py

dayup = 1.0
dayfactor = 0.01
for i in range(365):
    if i % 7 in [6, 0]:
        dayup = dayup * (1 - dayfactor)
    else:
        dayup = dayup * (1 + dayfactor)
print("工作日的力量：{:.2f} ".format(dayup))  # 工作日的力量：4.63 
工作日的力量：4.63 

def dayUP(df):
    dayup = 1
    for i in range(365):
        if i % 7 in [6, 0]:
            dayup = dayup * (1 - 0.01)
        else:
            dayup = dayup * (1 + df)
    return dayup

dayfactor = 0.01
while dayUP(dayfactor) < 37.78:
    dayfactor += 0.001
print("工作日的努力参数是：{:.3f} ".format(dayfactor))  # 工作日的努力参数是：0.019 
工作日的努力参数是：0.019 

二、字符串类型及操作

• 正向递增序号、反向递减序号、<字符串>[M:N:K]
• +、*、len()、str()、hex()、oct()、ord()、chr()
• .lower()、.upper()、.split()、.count()、.replace()
• .center()、.strip()、.join(）、.format()格式化

# TextProBarV1.py

import time

scale = 10
print("执行开始".center(scale // 2, "-"))
start = time.perf_counter()
for i in range(scale + 1):
    a = '*' * i
    b = '.' * (scale - i)
    c = (i / scale) * 100
    dur = time.perf_counter() - start
    print("\r{:^3.0f}%[{}->{}]{:.2f}s".format(c, a, b, dur), end='')
    time.sleep(0.1)
print("\n" + "执行结束".center(scale // 2, '-'))

三、程序的分支结构

• 单分支 if 二分支 if-else 及紧凑形式
• 多分支 if-elif-else 及条件之间关系
• not and or > >= == <= < !=
• 异常处理 try-except-else-finally

# CalBMIv3.py

height, weight = eval(input("请输入身高(米)和体重\(公斤)[逗号隔开]: "))
bmi = weight / pow(height, 2)
print("BMI 数值为：{:.2f}".format(bmi))
who, nat = "", ""
if bmi < 18.5:
    who, nat = "偏瘦", "偏瘦"
elif 18.5 <= bmi < 24:
    who, nat = "正常", "正常"
elif 24 <= bmi < 25:
    who, nat = "正常", "偏胖"
elif 25 <= bmi < 28:
    who, nat = "偏胖", "偏胖"
elif 28 <= bmi < 30:
    who, nat = "偏胖", "肥胖"
else:
    who, nat = "肥胖", "肥胖"
print("BMI 指标为:国际'{0}', 国内'{1}'".format(who, nat))

请输入身高(米)和体重\(公斤)[逗号隔开]: 1.8,70
BMI 数值为：21.60
BMI 指标为:国际'正常', 国内'正常'

四、程序的循环结构

• for…in 遍历循环：计数、字符串、列表、文件…
• while无限循环
• continue和break保留字：退出当前循环层次
• 循环else的高级用法：与break有关

# CalPiV2.py

from random import random
from time import perf_counter

DARTS = 1000 * 1000
hits = 0.0
start = perf_counter()

for i in range(1, DARTS + 1):
    x, y = random(), random()
    dist = pow(x**2 + y**2, 0.5)
    if dist <= 1.0:
        hits = hits + 1

pi = 4 * (hits / DARTS)
print("圆周率值是: {}".format(pi))
print("运行时间是: {:.5f}s".format(perf_counter() - start))

圆周率值是: 3.141364
运行时间是: 0.71023s